Generally speaking, when a body has to be straightened, the pulling device and the body must be attached to each other and the body itself must remain stationary. For this purpose, various clamps are used.
Common types of clamps and their characteristics are listed below:
DIRECTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

When pulling the clamp, the line of pulling force must extend through the center of the clamp teeth. Otherwise, the clamp may come off or damage the body panel as the clamp rotates.
The figure shows how the direction of the chain's pulling force is at a downward angle from the center of the teeth. This generates a turning force on the entire clamp in the direction of the arrow. This force is amplified because of leverage, but only some of its teeth are engaged. Thus, the clamp tends to slip, which results in deformation of the body panel.

Clamp direction is important in creating the pulling force. Fundamentally, three directions are considered, ″X″, ″Y″ and ″Z″.

DIrectional (″X″, ″Y″ and ″Z″) characteristics are shown below for several kinds of clamps.

Comparison of Pulling Methods
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